Now the Greeks had a god, one of whose attributes was to cause panic in battle (Gr. panika), and his name was (not by coincidence) Pan. It may be, then, that the famous panic of the decisive battle led the Seleucids to erect a sanctuary here to Pan. nstruction of a deep sea harbor and built storerooms, markets, wide roads, baths, temples, and luxurious public buildings. Every five years the city hosted major sports competitions, gladiator games, and theatrical productions. Caesarea also flourished during the Byzantine period. At the time, much of the land south of the city was used for agriculture. The area continued to be farmed during the early Arabian period as well, apparently until the Crusader conquest in the eleventh century. Over time, this land was buried under the sands shifting along the shores of the Mediterranean. The Crusaders captured Caesarea during the First Crusade. Godfrey of Bouillon imposed heavy taxes on the residents, who soon rose up in protest. Baldwin I?s response: In 1101 he pillaged the city and slaughtered its residents. But what was it about Pan, such that the Greeks took his name for panic? He was famous for his great cry, which echoed. Perhaps it was originally a battle cry, such as causes panic. As for the echo, Pan fell in love with a virgin named Echo, who resisted his advances, for he was ugly, hairy and goat-legged. Finally, he had his minions catch her and rip her to pieces. They buried her remains in many places, and that is why, when one gives a great shout, the echo comes from many places. Echo too was revered here. Above the spring there are niches carved in the face of the cliff, with inscriptions. They contained statues, which have disappeared. From the inscriptions, however, we know that one was dedicated to Pan, one to the emperor and one to Echo. Pan was also a god of the hunters, and his echoing shout could easily disorient them in the forests of Greek Arcadia, where he first appeared. But above all, he was god of the goats: hence, his peculiar legs. Playing his pipe, he would entice the goats into a dance, which ensured the fertility of the herds. On the left, in a Roman copy of a Greek statue (in the public domain), he teaches the shepherd Daphnis to play. Pan was a fertility god, famous for lust. The abundance of the vegetation at Banias, together with the rush of the spring, perhaps suggested to the Greeks the rush of human passion, and thus the presence of Pan. In addition to the history, the lushness of the site itself evokes him. In 1251, Louis IV fortified the city. The French king ordered the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat. However strong the walls were, they could not keep out the royal sultan Baybars, who hatched a brilliant scheme for how to take the city. He knew that the few soldiers on patrol could not properly guard the entire length of the walls, and thus he ordered his troops to scale the walls in a number of places at the very same time, thus enabling them to penetrate the city.