The Coun- cil of Nicaea came up with an explicit creed, declaring that Jesus Christ was of the same essence as the Father, and that there were three equal parts to God. This cru- cial doctrine of the Trinity, which is only implicitly supported in the Gospels, main- tains that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct persons yet all one God. The Church was called "the body of Christ" and believed to be integral and indi- visible. Nonetheless, the Christian community suffered many schisms. The Egyp- tian Church broke off in the 3rd century, when other eastern branches began to drift apart from western Chris- tianity. In 1054, the Great Schism, caused primarily by the inflexible Cardinal Hum- bert, split Christendom into the western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Whereas Rome upheld the universal jurisdiction and infallibility of the Pope, Orthodoxy stressed the infallibility of the church as a whole. The Spirit, according to the Orthodox, proceeds through the Father, while Roman the- ology dictates that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Orthodox Christians beUeve that God is highly personal, that each man can find God by look- ing within himself. In 1517, the German monk Martin Luther sparked the Reforma- tion, which quickly split northern Europe from Roman Catholicism, and led to the development of Protestantism. Protestantism is composed of many sects, which generally believe in salvation through faith rather than good works. Eastern Ortho- doxy, too, is divided into multiple nationalist traditions . Only in the 18th century did these diverse churches come to speaking terms, and only in the 20th has the ecumenical movement brought extensive cooperation. The central part of the service for Catholics is the mass, basically a reenactment of the last supper: the priest blesses bread and wine and they are changed to Jesus's body and blood by the Holy Spirit. The congregation receives the host just as the apostles did. It is inappropriate to partake in Catholic communion if not Catholic. OTHER FAITHS THE DRUZE The faith of the Draze, a staunchly independent sect of Shi'ite Muslims, centers around a hierarchy of individuals who are the sole custodians of a reUgious doc- trine hidden from the rest of the world. Many Draze consider themselves a sepa- rate ethnicity as well as a religious group, while others consider themselves Arabs. They do not allow conversions into or out of the religion. The Druze believe that the word of God is revealed only to a divinely chosen few, and that these blessed few must be followed to the ends of the earth. The Druze generally remain loyal to their host country. Israel has a Druze population of about 85,000. The religion was founded in 1017 by an Egyptian chieftain, al-Darazi, who drew upon various beliefs in the Muslim world at the time, especially Shi'ism. The Druze believe that God was incarnated in human forms, the final incarnation being the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim .